["Abnormal Liver Function Tests","Acne vulgaris","Acute Bronchitis","Acute Kidney Injury","Adrenal Insufficiency","Allergic Rhinitis","Anemia","Approach to Abdominal Pain","Approach to Acid Base Disorders","Approach to Bone Loss","Approach to Bright Red Blood Per Rectum (BRBPR)","Approach to Cervical cancer screening","Approach to Chest Pain","Approach to Constipation","Approach to Cough","Approach to Dementia","Approach to Diarrhea","Approach to Dizziness","Approach to Dysphagia and Odynophagia","Approach to EKG","Approach to Falls","Approach to Fatigue","Approach to Fever","Approach to Hematuria","Approach to Hemoptysis","Approach to Hypercoagulable Disorders","Approach to Hyperkalemia","Approach to Hypernatremia","Approach to Hyperprolactinemia","Approach to Hypocalcemia","Approach to Hypoglycemia","Approach to Hypokalemia","Approach to Hyponatremia","Approach to Hypothyroidism","Approach to Jaundice","Approach to Low Back Pain","Approach to Muscle weakness","Approach to Nausea and Vomiting","Approach to Neck Pain","Approach to Palpitations","Approach to Peripheral Edema","Approach to Proteinuria","Approach to Seizure","Approach to Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)","Approach to Splenomegaly","Approach to Syncope","Approach to Thyroid Nodule","Approach to Unintentional Weight Loss","Asthma","Bell\u2019s Palsy","Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)","Bleeding Disorders","Breast cancer screening","Bronchiectasis","Celiac disease","Chronic Kidney Disease","Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)","Cirrhosis","Colon cancer screening","Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)","Crohn\u2019s Disease","Cushing\u2019s Syndrome","Delirium","Depression","Diabetes Insipidus","Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis","Dyspepsia","Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)","Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)","Headache","Hearing loss","Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)","Hemorrhoids","Hepatitis B","Hepatitis C","Hypercalcemia","Hypertension","Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)","Kidney stones","Leukocytosis","Leukopenia","Lipid Disorders","Lymphadenopathy","Meningitis and Encephalitis","Microscopic Colitis","Obstructive Sleep Apnea","Pancreatitis","Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)","Pericardial Disease","Pneumonia","Stroke and TIA","Ulcerative Colitis","Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding","Urinary Dysfunction","Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)","Vitamin D deficiency"]

Kidney stones

Types of kidney stones

Type	Clinical features
Calcium phosphate	*Normal urinary values* 24-hour urine calcium < 250 mg (women), < 300 mg (men) 24-hour urine citrate > 325 mg 24-hour urine pH 5.8-6.2 *Risk factors* Hypercalciuria Hypocitraturia Urine pH > 7 Distal RTA Carbonic hydrase inhibitors Medullary sponge kidney High protein intake *Shape of stones* Flat or wedge shaped prisms typically in rosettes
Calcium oxalate	*Normal urinary values* 24-hour urinary calcium as above 24-hour urinary oxalate < 40 mg *Risk factors* Hypercalciuria Hyperparathyroidism Immobilization Vitamin D excess Cushing syndrome Sarcoidosis High sodium intake Idiopathic Hyperoxaluria Increased GI oxalate absorption due to bowel pathology Bariatric surgery Short bowel syndrome Malabsorption syndromes Primary hyperoxaluria Increased vitamin C intake (men) *Shape of stones* Dumbbell or envelope shaped
Struvite	*Risk factors* Increased urinary ammonium and bicarbonate UTI with urease-splitting organism (eg, Proteus, Klebsiella) *Shape of stones* Rectangular, coffin-lid, or sometimes amorphous Stones composed of magnesium-ammonium- phosphate and/or carbonate apatite
Urate	*Normal urinary values* 24-hour urine uric acid < 0.75 mg (women), < 0.8 (men) *Risk factors* Hyperuricosuria Urine pH < 5.5 Type 2 diabetes Metabolic syndrome *Shape of stones* Rhomboid, football shaped, or possibly others Often yellow-brown color
Cystine	*Risk factors* Cystinuria *Shape of stones* Hexagonal shape
Xanthine	*Risk factors* Xanthine oxidase deficiency causing increased urine and blood xanthine Rare cause of stones (< 1% of cases) *Shape of stones* Various shapes

Back to Kidney stones

No Comments

Comments are closed.